We go back to the earliest history by visiting the Petroglyph National Monument, just West and North of the city.  The Monument features thousands of petroglyphs, which are pictures carved on the basalt lava rocks. Most of these petroglyphs were made 400 to 700 years ago by the native Pueblo people.  Some might date back 2,000 to 3,000 years.  Others are from the modern era of the Hispanics and more frequent explorers.

Three viewing sections are available to the visitor. The most popular area is Boca Negra Canyon.  This area is run by the city and there is a slight admission charge, if someone is at the gate.  Three trails of varying lengths of five to fifteen minutes let the visitor view hundreds of these petroglyphs.  Some of the designs are the human form, shaman, various animals of the area, and geometric designs.  Watch out for rattlesnakes and keep on the trails.

One mile south of the visitor center is Rinconada Canyon, which features a two and a half-mile round trip through the rocks.  This trail is not paved.

Further north is Piedras Marcadas Canyon with more petroglyphs.
There is no fee at the National Monument and the hikes are self guided.  Booklets about the trails and the petroglyphs can be purchased at the visitor center.

Fourteen miles north of Petroglyph National Monument is Coronado State Monument.  This is located on Rte 550 just outside of Bernalillo.  The State Park commemorates two important occurrences.  First is the Pueblo of Kuanua, begun in the 1300s.  The 1500s formed over 1,200 rooms in buildings up to four stories high.  Entrance was through the roof of these adobe homes.  They were used as storage areas, kitchens, and general living quarters.  The building were built around open courtyards, in which were sunken kivas.  The kivas served as ceremonial chambers, almost like sweathouses.  Here the men could have visions and dreams.  Some of the kivas were round and others square.  They were decorated with many pictographs, painting on the walls, depicting the life of the people and their dependence upon the elements, especially rain.  Some of these pictographs can be seen in the visitor center.

The Kuauans were both hunter-gatherers and farmers raising the three sisters (corn, beans, and squash).  Located by the Rio Grande River, the site was perfect for irrigation.

In 1540 and event happened which changed the life of the Kuaua people.  An army of Spanish soldiers, led by Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, encamped near Kuaua.  Their purpose was to find the seven cities of gold, of which rumors abounded.  Instead they commandeered the pueblo and made the Kuaua pay tribute to the Spanish Government.  They had to give fifty percent of their produce to the government.  The friars reeducated the natives and demanded labor from them, and eventually took the children to be raised as good Spanish Citizens.  They undermined the stability of the pueblo and essentially destroyed its function.

In 1680s the Natives revolted from 100 years of oppression.  Natives from many of the Pueblos in New Mexico rose up and attacked the settlers, the churches, and the soldier garrisons.  They drove the Spanish back to El Paso.  The settlers and ranchers did not return for twelve years.  Most probably this is when the Kuaua Pueblo was abandoned.

One good aspect did emerge from the Pueblo Revolts.  The Spanish policy of forced labor or poorly paid labor was changed.  No longer were the Native subjected to this form of almost slave labor.  This had a great effect on the treatment of the Natives in the San Antonio, Texas Missions and other missions, which were formed.

Today Coronado State Park preserves and celebrates these events.  The kiva is under reconstruction.  Walkways with kiosks describe the life of the pueblo and of the people.  Many of the foundations are visible.  The staff is very friendly and informative.

Travel east on Rte 550 and it changes into Rte 165.  Drive through Placitas and up Mount Sandia.  The road changes from nicely paved to gravel.  It is closed in the winter because of snow and flooding water.  Unfortunately, signs said the road was closed.  Why go there?  Up in to mountains is perhaps the oldest dated cave settlement in North America.  More than 27,000 years ago man hunted the Wooly Mammoth in the Sandia Mountains.  There are no human remains, but the artifacts found in the cave have been carbon dated.  A small parking lot is at the ten-minute walk trailhead.  This leads to Sandia Man Cave.  Bring a flashlight.  There are also some tight squeezes in the cave itself.

Visit the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science for a great experience.  The emphasis is on the evolution of the earth and life on the planet.  Great exhibits on the development of dinosaurs.  Some of the movies are breath taking.  The animation is top rate.  Experience “A Bad Day in the Cretaceous”, a video animation of a 10 K meteor which struck the earth near the Yucatan Peninsula.  The crater is still there today.  The resulting fires and devastation wipes out 75% of wildlife on the planet.  It marked the end of the Cretaceous era.  Also take a six-minute ride in the time travel machine, which takes you back 75 million years where present-day New Mexico stood.  Other exhibits include gemstones, caving experiences (dry cave, wet cave, and live in a cave).  Many interactive exhibits keep the visitor invested in the information.  Also available at the museum for an additional fee are a planetarium and a Dynamax theater with different movies.  Spend at least two hours in the museum to see the primary exhibits.

A short distance away is the Turquoise Museum.  This is another little gem. This museum shows everything you ever wanted to know about turquoise.  How it is formed.  Where it is mined.  How to tell the different qualities and value of turquoise. You will spend about one hour to see the museum.  It also contains a lapidary workshop with all of the tools to cut, polish, and grade the stone.  The exhibit includes stones from all over the world.  When you leave the museum, the exit is into a flower shop, which is behind the turquoise store.  You can purchase beautiful turquoise jewelry too.

Twenty-five miles North East is the final little gem of the day before we get to the giant gem.  This is Tinkertown.  This museum displays the life work of Ross J. Ward, a master carver.  While we were watching television he carves a complete Western Town and a circus with a big top and a side show alley.  Pushing a button animates many of the pieces.  What makes Tinkertown such a pleasure is the humor Ward put into each piece.  He has signs with corny sayings, people doing unusual things, and just living life in the old West.  He has one display of the undertaker: “Be nice to the undertaker. He is the last one to let you down”.  This is complete with horse drawn hearse and devils and angels flying in the sky.  One final oddity about the museum is the surrounding walls: glass bottles held together with mortar (interesting).

Now to the Giant Gem: Sandia Crest.  Sandia Crest overlooks Albuquerque at an elevation of 10,678.  Albuquerque stands at 5,000 feet.  There are two major ways of getting to the top.  First is the Sandia Peak Aerial Tramway, one of the world’s longest ones at 2.7 miles in length.  During the month of April maintenance work keeps it closed.  The other way up the mountain is drive, bicycle, or hike.  We chose to drive the mountain on a paved road.  The road ascends almost six thousand feet within fourteen miles.  The temperature in Albuquerque at that time was 79? F and 49? F at the summit with a stiff breeze.  Even in late April, there was snow on the ground.  Almost felt like I was back in Chicago.  The views are breath taking.  At the top of the mountain are a souvenir store and a small restaurant.

The old town section is quite nice.  San Felipe de Neri has been the cornerstone of the plaza since 1706.  Homes, shops and restaurants built around the plaza with narrow streets.  In the center of the plaza is a gazebo and two replica canons from the Civil War days guard the plaza.

The Albuquerque Museum of Art and History is two blocks from old town.  The museum features permanent and traveling exhibits.  The permanent exhibit includes 400 years of history in the area.  The temporary exhibit was on the Alvarado Hotel in Albuquerque, which was a premier Harvey House in its day.

Nearby is the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center.  The center features a museum with Display cases for many of the different pueblos. Each one has representations of their arts and crafts and a history of the pueblo people.  On weekends, in the courtyard, native dancers demonstrate some of their dances.  The center has an extensive store and a restaurant.

The AAA Book says that the Rio Grande Zoo in Albuquerque is a little gem.  They are understating the fact.  The zoo is a precious jewel, not to be missed.  The layout is user friendly with many benches on which to rest.  The animals seem to be well cared for.  The landscaping is marvelous.  The zoo is definitely five stars.  The animals must be somewhat happy even in their confinement, because the white rhinos were putting on an adult show for us.  A docent said that they had good luck with reproduction at the zoo.  The lions, tigers, and other great cats were doing their cat like thing: napping.  Many exhibits also include water animals.  Sometimes I wondered if I was in an aquarium rather than a zoo.

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With one of the city’s longest stretches of traffic-free biking and designated bike lanes along many of the main streets, it’s no wonder Lincoln Park is a favorite Chicago neighborhood among avid cyclists and recreational bike riders alike. Paved paths crisscross the expansive namesake park, providing easy access to the site’s many attractions (such as the Lincoln Park Zoo, Conservatory and History Museum), and underground passes and a skywalk with ramps to North Avenue Beach make crossing busy Lake Shore Drive carefree. The bike trail along the edge of Lake Michigan has become a main artery for city cyclists heading south to downtown and beyond or north to Lakeview and other north side neighborhoods. Actually, the path is part of a continuous 18-mile-long lakefront bike trail that hugs the shoreline from the South Shore Cultural Center up to East Rogers Park.

The bike lanes in Lincoln Park are especially useful in areas like DePaul University where many students ride bikes around campus; Armitage Avenue, which is a popular boutique shopping district that is easier to walk or bike to than drive; and the Clybourn Corridor where a bunch of big box stores and chain retail options make for a parking shortage that bikers do not have to deal with. Lincoln Park residents who work in downtown have a quick commute to the business district in the Loop. Bikers can shoot down Wells Street and be in the midst of City Hall, Chicago Board of Trade, Sears Tower and other major office buildings in less than 10 minutes.

The Loop

Living in the Loop, you are already in the heart of Chicago and close to many of the city’s main attractions and its thriving business center. That’s exactly why a good number of Loop residents ride bikes around the neighborhood: everything is nearby and it sure beats sitting in traffic or waiting for the “L” train to come by. The inner blocks of the Loop are fairly congested with cars, taxis, buses and pedestrians, so cyclists should be cautious when riding through these hectic downtown streets (wearing a helmet and reflective gear is always recommended). Just west of the Chicago River, Canal and Clinton streets have bike lanes, which make for quick and safe north-south routes that pass by both Union Station and Ogilvie Center (Chicago’s main transportation hubs). Ride east pass Michigan Avenue and you’ll be in the sprawling park grounds of Millennium and Grant parks, which offer several outlets to the extensive lakefront bike trail—a wildly popular means for travel by city cyclists.

Once on the lakefront trail, bikers enjoy well-maintained, paved paths with mile markers and lane designations for orderly riding and directional assistance. From the Loop, bicyclists can head down the trail 5 minutes to the Museum Campus to spend a day at the Field Museum, Shedd Aquarium or Adler Planetarium, or see the Chicago Bears play at Solider Field. And, instead of paying through the nose for parking, bikers can lock up their bikes outside for free!

Lakeview

Bike riding is such a common form of transportation in Lakeview that you’re bound to see bicyclists coasting down the streets even during winter! The strong cycling interest in this north side Chicago neighborhood has prompted the establishment of bike lanes and shared lanes on several of Lakeview’s major thoroughfares. Halsted Street, which divides East Lakeview and Lakeview proper, has handy bike lanes that provide a north-south travel route right by loads of dining options, trendy night clubs and comfy neighborhood watering holes. During the summer, Cubs games are always cause for bottlenecks around Wrigley Field, but bikers never get caught up in the traffic jams. Those swift two-wheelers can fly right by the line of cars backed up at lights and diverted by barriers set up for the crush of fans flooding the ballpark grounds.

Chicago’s well-traveled 18-mile lakefront bike trail makes a tour through Lakeview East with easy access from the neighborhood streets to the path via three Lake Shore Drive underpasses at Barry, Roscoe and Waveland. Bike riders can take the vehicle-free trail north a few minutes to the Sydney Marovitz Golf Course and Montrose Harbor and Beach, or south past the Belmont Harbor Dog Beach to Lincoln Park and the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum. And, Lakeview residents who work in downtown might just find this picturesque trail to be the fastest way down to the Loop (roughly a 20-minute ride). Try to beat that time in a car during rush hour!

South Loop

The South Loop is a budding Chicago neighborhood that has the right idea when it comes to “bikeability.” As one of the lucky communities with public parkland along Lake Michigan, the city’s extensive lakefront bike trail runs right through the South Loop, connecting it with 18 continuous miles of scenic shoreline cycling. On the north end of the neighborhood, bikers can hop on the path from Grant Park. Cruise by Buckingham Fountain and watch the impressive water jets shoot 50 feet in the air then take the paved trail south through the Museum Campus and right past Burnham Harbor. Further down, bikers can easily cross Lake Shore Drive at the overpass/ underpass at 18th Street and another elevated skyway at the massive McCormick Place convention center on Cermak Road.

Students at Roosevelt University and Columbia College (both located on Michigan Avenue in the South Loop) appreciate the convenient bike routes through the park and the designated bike lanes along the neighborhood’s high-traffic streets. Wabash is useful for north-south travel and Roosevelt provides bikers with a safe east-west avenue to cross the Chicago River. Just west of the waterway, Roosevelt meets up with Canal Street, which also has bike lanes and allows cyclists to head up to the business district in the Loop from a less-congested west side approach.

Bucktown

Unlike Chicago’s other top neighborhoods for biking, Bucktown is inland from the water and does not share in the popular lakefront bike trail that runs practically the entire length of the city shoreline. Nevertheless, this ultra-trendy community shows a fondness for cycling that has spurred neighborhood-wide measures to provide safe and convenient bike routes within the Bucktown borders. Streets with designated bike lanes are concentrated in the center of Bucktown, where most of the area’s business and entertainment are focused. Damen is a north-south running thoroughfare that bisects the neighborhood and intersects all the other main avenues in Bucktown with bike lanes or shared lanes. From Damen, riders can pick up Armitage to the west or Cortland to the east, which crosses the Chicago River and hooks back up with Armitage in Lincoln Park and takes bicyclists directly to the waterfront (about a 10-minute trip from the heart of Bucktown).

Slicing diagonally through Bucktown is Milwaukee Avenue, another heavily-traveled Chicago road that passes through numerous neighborhoods and is the site of countless shops, restaurants, bars and other businesses. Up in Bucktown, Milwaukee has shared lanes (marked by chevron and bike symbols on the pavement and yellow diamond warning signs). At Division, the shared lanes change to bike lanes (indicated by solid stripes on the pavement and signage alerting motorists to its existence), which continue to Grand Avenue where Milwaukee dead-ends in the River West neighborhood. Because Milwaukee angles straight towards the Loop, it provides a great way to transverse downtown from the near northwest side community of Bucktown.

Information on Chicago’s best neighborhoods for biking is supplied by Chicago real estate website Dreamtown.com.

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The major problem with the beaches in the area of the canal and just past the canal area is the debris that washes up on the beaches. Part of the debris is from the city itself and another contributing factor are the ships waiting to transit the canal. Recently Panama City began a clean up project for Panama Bay which will include a new water treatment plant and sewage system for the city. Of course, the problem wasn’t recreated overnight and it won’t be fixed overnight, but at least we begin. This should cut down on some of the debris that washes ashore. However, unless stricter ordinances are put in place and imposed with consistency on the residents and the vessel in the bay the beaches will continue to be trashy.

Panama’s FarFan Beach

Across the bridge of the Americas in first position is Panama’s Farfan Beach. The roads are a little rough, similar to a forgotten county road in the US, rough road patches and peppered with a some potholes. Even with the road conditions, once you’ve crossed the bridge it is only a two minute drive to the entrance of Farfan Beach. The first thing you will notice is the barricade that blocks the paved road’s approach to the abandoned beach area. The second thing of notice is Panama’s Balboa Gun Club positioned directly next to the barricade. The third thing you should notice is the alternate off road paths that have been created to access the beach.

Panama’s now forgotten Farfan Beach was once a hot spot as is evidenced by the abandon concrete concession stand that was once complete with toilets facilities. Farfan is a canal beach, from the concession area you can look out to the left and see Panama’s Amador Causeway with a clear view of Naos Island and the Smithsonian Institute’s Culebra Island. Looking straight ahead you can view large and small vessels anchored just outside the Panama Canal waiting for permission to begin their transit and since the canal is operational twenty four hours day, seven days a week, you are sure to see a vessels at the beginning of its transit.

Since Farfan is no longer managed, tall grass now covers some areas of the once popular beach, from the well worn grooves made by vehicles that drive out to the beach area it is evident that Panama’s Farfan Beach still receives it’s share of visitors. Even if you choose not to drive off road, it only a short blocks walk past the barricade on the paved road to the beach area.

It’s important to note, being a Florida transplant; the beach here is not sandy but mostly volcanic rock. However, it is well worth the time to drive out and see the canal area from this prospective; spend a little time imagining this area in its glory day. I hope there are better days to come for this forgotten recreational area.

Panama’s Playa Bonita/Playa Kobbe

Panama’s Playa Bonita is also a beach on the canal, it is a little rustic in location. It sits beside the road with just a little pull off spot along an old bridge. The area never had a concession or toilet facilities and the beach area is a steep drop from the road. From under the old bridge a river empties into the canal.

Many of the beach areas in Panama are fed sand and water from Panama’s rivers. This is note worthy to swimmers who might encounter the whirlpools they create as the rivers empty their content into the larger body of water.

From Playa Bonita you can see the bridge of the America’s and the hill the old Howard Air Force Base is on. The beach was a mix of sand and volcanic rock and was from a Florida transplant perspective, a bit trashy.

A four star resort area has been built on the road to Playa Bonita, InterContinental Playa Bonita Resort & Spa. About ten minutes from the actual area of Majagual, fourty Minutes from Panama City’s International Airport Tocumen. www.playabonitapanama.com

Panama’s Playa Veracruz – the local beach

Panama’s Play Veracruz is still a busy local beach. There are roughly twelve rancho style concessions along the beach where you can enjoy entire fried sea bass for three to five dollars and beers for sixty cents. Playa Veracruz flows all the way into the beach town of Veracruz.

Veracruz, Panama is located approximately twenty five minutes from Panama City and known for its various fish markets, it is a small fishing village that is made up mostly of lower socioeconomic class level.

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Veracruz, once was an attractive area in front of US Howard Airforce base. It’s city park once had a concrete concession stand complete with toilets facilities, swimming pools, and sheltered picnic tables. The abandoned structures are still standing in the park area. A small fee was paid to gain entrance to the park. But based upon recent reported incidents by local police Veracruz now rates as a high-crime area.

Veracruz, is nestled between the beautiful Pacific Ocean and the base of lush green mountains. The drive is about thirty minutes to downtown Panama, and only fifteen to twenty minutes to get to Balboa, Panama which has just about everything one could need or want for everyday living.

The former US Howard Airforce Base which is located just in front of the area of Veracruz, and former Rodman Naval Station recently received approved legislation to become a free trade zone for the Pacific making this another area to watch for growth explosion.

Playa Chumical

Veracruz, flows into Veracruz de Chumical. Chumical, has a sand and volcanic rock beach that is cleaner than Veracruz, the homes are larger and better maintained. In this town are fishermen and residents that work in the city. Chumical is the cleanest of the public access beaches since leaving Panama City.

Entrance to the beach can be gained by the various paths the allow access between the houses. There is nothing but open water and islands to be viewed from the coast in Chumical. There are no concessions or commerce on this stretch of beach.

The day I visited I found a delightful sight. Three children playing in a tide pool whiling away the hours in the Panama sun. They stopped long enough to allow me to take their pictures. Their presence definitely added to the beauty of the scenery.

Playita Vacamonte and Vacamonte Port (Vaco Monte)

Playita Vacamonte, Panama sits just outside the official entrance to the Vacamonte Port. It is the smallest of the public access beaches since leaving Panama City. Like Panama’s Playa Bonita, this area is a little rustic since it set road side and you have to descend a steep hill to reach the beach area. Parking is minimal but the view is breath taking. The waters here are clean and the Vacamonte Port area is well maintained free from the normal roadside debris.

The Vacamonte Port of Panama is an international port. You will need to show your passport to the guard and enter the area.

Vacamonte Port consists of a few small building and a port of industrial fishing. The port has two wharves and a pier. In the port are all manner of fishing boats whose main commodities are shrimp, shark, tuna, and various local fish. The fish are sold to the general public from 8:00 until 2:00. There’s a bank and a restaurant in the port. Shop early if you want small fish for your home, the small fish sell out early.

From Vacamonte International Port seafood is shipped all over the world.

Peurto Caimito

Peurto Caimito, Panama is home to Mariano Rivera, relief pitcher for the New York Yankees. Mariano has a large home just outside of Peurto Camito, and with residents like this it is hard to list Peurto Caimito among the forgotten beaches of Panama, but we can definitely call it off the beaten path. Puerto Caimito is situated at the mouth of the Caimito River, and is a commercial fishing town with a fish meal processing plant and is an old pirate village

Of all the places previously listed Peurto Caimito caught my attention and begged me to stay a while. It’s hard to say if it was the signs that hang from the homes along the beach front road that entice you with promises of fresh fish for sale. Or maybe it’s the thought of the fishing boat moored behind the house that go out on the rising tide, when the water has sufficiently covered the vast expanse of beach and brings the day’s catch to vendors living in the houses. I was also struck by it was the fishermen tending to net repairs and daily maintenance of their outboard fishing boat on the beach. And rusty vessels in the port and as well as the few rusted past use on the far end of town where the road ended at the ship yard. The child in me came out saw I watched a town’s child climbing in and out of the rushed out boat hull on the beach. I could have spent the day climbing, exploring, poking, and turning things over.

Peurto Caimito, residents are mostly descendants of the island peoples and a lower socioeconomic class level that live off the sea. They catch sardines or anchovies, they have no refrigeration, so the boats all smell and are sealed with a slime of fish oil.

There is a couple of large ranchitos on the beach with patios facing the beach, music blaring loudly. The beach was easily accessible and was mostly sand. We didn’t see anyone swimming or lounging, but was week day and from the positions of the ranchitos I would wager to say to some extent the weekends bring pleasure seekers to the area. The smell of wood cook stoves and signs selling carbon add to experience that was hard to leave behind as my day ended.

If leaving with locals and cheap land with ocean front property appeals to you, it will probably also appeal to you to know that El Chorrera is only fifteen minutes back up the road and has practically everything necessary for living a comfortable life in Puerto Caimita.

For more information, please visit:

http://www.panamaexpertos.com

http://www.panamaexpertos.com/forum/panama-s-pacific-coast-beach-guide-part-1-ct45.html

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At times, the water in the gutter gets blocked due to debris or leaves. This may result in water back up and water entering your basement easily. It is the homeowner’s job to clean it. Depending on the area and number of trees the frequency of cleaning the gutter may me several times or may be twice or thrice in a year.

If the gutters are overflowing then it shows that there are not adequate number of down spouts on the house. Here a self-check during the rain is important. If the water is over flowing then there are more chances of water running down to the water foundations. May be if the water would be causing an unforeseen problem of soil erosion under the house footing. This may result in cracking of walls and ceilings. To overcome this problem, you might be required to add another downspout or hire a contractor for the job of increasing the size of the pipe.

Apart from this, basement can be flooded due to roof water that is built next to footing. If the footing title is leaking or blocked then again your house basement can be flooded. You might need to cap the vertical tile with a preformed cap or concrete.

Sometimes, the paved area around the next to house is sloped toward the house. As the result the water might accumulate and enter the basement. So problem needs to fix by building slope away from the house. At times paved area adjoining the house has sealant in the joint. If that joint gets cracked due to incorrect installation or age then it must be removed.

If you have plans to install lawn or a shrub irrigation system that discharges water, then it is advisable not to place it next to house. If this cannot be evaded then instruct the installer to have the system that has rain stat. This prevents the system from turning on when it rains heavily.

Hence to overcome the problem of basement water damage it is necessary to first know what the problem exactly. Then take the necessary steps to prevent water entering your basement.

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At times, the water in the gutter gets blocked due to debris or leaves. This may result in water back up and water entering your basement easily. It is the homeowner’s job to clean it. Depending on the area and number of trees the frequency of cleaning the gutter may me several times or may be twice or thrice in a year.

If the gutters are overflowing then it shows that there are not adequate number of down spouts on the house. Here a self-check during the rain is important. If the water is over flowing then there are more chances of water running down to the water foundations. May be if the water would be causing an unforeseen problem of soil erosion under the house footing. This may result in cracking of walls and ceilings. To overcome this problem, you might be required to add another downspout or hire a contractor for the job of increasing the size of the pipe.

Apart from this, basement can be flooded due to roof water that is built next to footing. If the footing title is leaking or blocked then again your house basement can be flooded. You might need to cap the vertical tile with a preformed cap or concrete.

Sometimes, the paved area around the next to house is sloped toward the house. As the result the water might accumulate and enter the basement. So problem needs to fix by building slope away from the house. At times paved area adjoining the house has sealant in the joint. If that joint gets cracked due to incorrect installation or age then it must be removed.

If you have plans to install lawn or a shrub irrigation system that discharges water, then it is advisable not to place it next to house. If this cannot be evaded then instruct the installer to have the system that has rain stat. This prevents the system from turning on when it rains heavily.

Hence to overcome the problem of basement water damage it is necessary to first know what the problem exactly. Then take the necessary steps to prevent water entering your basement.

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2. How Using Less Tap Water Can Reduce Flood Water
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Human being got into the act of colleting treasure of knowledge only with the quest in getting complete understanding of outside world. An attempt to make a complete model of outside world results in boundaries of outside world stretched, thus rendering the model incomplete. The state of present science is more pathetic. Technological advancements have enabled us to see cluster of galaxies at large- scale and particles within the ‘fundamentals particles’, at small-scale. Frightened to see the size of outside world; some of us are helpless to conclude that ultimate reality is out of reach to any physical model. Those who still hope to make the absolute model of universe, rely on trying to combine different pillars of science. These attempts, wrongly termed as unification prove to be synthesis. And we know, synthesis is noting but a more complex version of previous two theses.

 

In this presentation, we will explore some novel ideas to the status of a complete theoretical framework. We shall neatly untangle the entangled threads of knowledge humanity has gained so far. This process would include going right at the roots of every concept. We might be required to give up all knowledge for a little time. After the presentation is finished, we shall come up with a refreshed knowledge.

 

So we are not picking the unsolved questions individually to discuss. Rather we are exploring some fresh ideas that will wash up all our confusions. With these ideas we would be able to get a sight of absolute universe. In a sense, we would become the master of the universe.

 

 

2. CONCEPT OF CHANGE

 

 Imagine a ball ‘A’ whose color is getting changed1 slowly. Consider its any three sharply defined states red, yellow and white denoted by Ar, Ay and Aw respectively [figure1 (a)]. Our mind takes Ar, Ay and Aw as three states of same object and not three distinct objects. On the other hand, consider three balls of different colors-red, yellow and white, situated in space in such a way that no two of them are simultaneously visible. Their location is such that eyes have to be removed from red to see yellow and from yellow to see white [figure1 (b)]. Still, mind would not be convinced about the thought that these three are three states of a single object.

 

Whether mind would consider two objects (two states) as two states of a single object (two objects) or not, depends upon the event connecting the two objects (two states). For human mind takes two objects Ar and Ay as two states of a single object, the event connecting the two objects must read like follows. Red no longer exists and yellow   comes into existence via a series of infinitely many in between states. Let us name this kind of events as unifying events. One can get here a clue easily. If we search unifying events for different portions of universe2, then we could see all portions as different states of a single thing called universe.

 

But it is not an easy task. Consider again for example, the situation of figure 1(b). The unifying event here can be the movement of eyes to see A’r then A’y and then A’w. Our mind faces problem in taking event ‘Eryw’ in the case of figure 1 (b) (i.e. Ar’ no longer exist and Ay’ comes into existence via movement of eyes and then Ay’ no longer exist and Aw’ comes into existence via movement of eyes] as unifying event due to following reason.

 

    Eyes are a part of our body. By body we mean, that group of objects (portions of universe) among which ‘excellent’ communication system exists. Though, each and every portion of universe is in excellent communication with every other portion of universe. And we cannot assign grades to their extent of communication. Still, in some groups extent of communication seems better than that in others3.

 

 We will discuss later in this presentation about why this is so. At this point we simply notice the fact that groups in which one ‘master point’ exists (mind, in case of living-beings) which rules all portions of group, seem having excellent communication. We shall later see that this master point could be found for any group of objects (portions of universe) and hence the ultimate group of objects (universe) can be seen as one body. The master point in this ultimate case would be called as ‘Godly point’ or simply ‘God’.

 

Coming back to the case of figure 1(b), the movement of eyes cannot be taken as unifying event because the observer (mind) is infected with a prejudice. Being the master point of the body, it cannot take event associated with its ‘own object’ (eyes here) as the event connecting ‘other objects’ (balls here). Also, it is indigestible to mind that A`r  no longer exists. This is again due to the reason that mind has special attachment with eyes. A`r can be retrieved simply by moving eyes in opposite direction i.e. without doing any work on surrounding [Due to special attachments, mind can not count eyes in surrounding].

 

So, a relationship, as simple as exists between two states of a single object, can be found between any two portions of universe. The task mandatory to find out this relationship is to discover unifying events. It is impossible to find unifying events, which are digestible to usual mind, for all objects.

Digestible events cannot be found, so the only option left is to strengthen digestive capacity of mind. This means nothing but compromise over usual sense of mind.

 

3. CONCEPT OF FUNDAMENTALITY

All our efforts to find ultimate reality have been based on the assumption that human mind can know the universe completely. We do not know at this moment about the extent to which this assumption is correct. But the best thing about this assumption is that the term ‘human mind’ is broadly defined.

 

Human mind is in a state of continuous development at least in terms of knowledge. This increment of knowledge comes as a result of activation of newer function of mind in a time span from as short as a few seconds a learner takes to memorize a formula, to as long as a few generations humanity takes to create a formula.

 

We have not put any limit to the development of mind in defining it. So mind can go to any measure of development needed to know the universe. The mere condition is that it should not get so much developed that it is no longer a mind. I hope this statement does not sound funny, as we have already discussed about unifying two different objects.

 

So in spite of broadness of definition of mind, the fact is that we are relying on human mind to know the universe. Human mind is a portion of universe and there is infinite number of such portion possible. Belief in the capability of mind to ‘observe’ the universe completely must be accompanied by the belief that each and every portion of universe can observe the whole universe. Here, the use of word ‘observe’ needs some explanation.

 

All portions of universe are in communication with the rest universe in different ways. We have given names to the ways of some portion of universe we are familiar with. For example eyes ‘see’, ears ‘hear’, skin ‘touches’, tongue ‘tastes’, mind ‘know/ imagines/ analyzes’ and so on. For a random portion of universe we shall simply use the word ‘observe’. Use of the word ‘observe’ for the portion we are familiar with (eyes, ears etc.) will help us to see these portions in general context. It will help us in getting over the prejudice of mind which in turns means getting out of the horizons of usual mind.

 

Coming back to the point, we are logically bound to believe that all portions of universe are capable of observing the whole universe. If all portion of universe observe the same thing (i.e. the whole universe) then what criteria one should use to distinguish these from each other? They observe the same thing means they are the same thing. Because we are familiar with the concept of relativity according to which no two different observers in this universe can have exactly same observation. We can easily make a conclusion here. There can be only one portion of universe, which can observe the whole universe. Or in absolute sense, we cannot divide universe in portions. A try to describe a portion of universe would lead us to describe the whole universe. We shall later name ‘universe in absolute sense’ as ‘the Godly universe’.

 

There is no ground to the belief that mind is that special portion of universe which is capable of knowing the universe absolutely. So even if we achieve all heights of mind development, the universe we can know is the universe observable from a particular corner. We can only wish that the corner representing human mind were the special corner from where whole universe is observable. But we must bear in mind that in order to observe the whole universe, we might have to see developments from even outside the horizons of mind.

 

We shall here do whatever is necessary to gain absolute knowledge. What if that absolute vision requires a drastic change in mind? And this much change can be done by a few words of this paper. The fundamentality concept can be the enough support for this belief.

 

Consider an object O1 as observed and described (?) by an infant mind. By ‘infant’ mind we mean a mind, which has not observed anything before. In a sense it is empty (knowledge less). If we ask this mind to describe O1 then its answer will be like ‘I am observing O1.’ ‘But what is O1?’ ‘O1 is O1’, its answer will be.

 

As soon as this mind observes another object O2, comparison being it’s characteristic, it starts doing comparison between O1 an O2.It finds some common things between O1 and O2. These common things become the base of its descriptions now. For instance, ‘O1 is of color red and O2 of white’. ‘Color’ is the common thing between O1 and O2. So an object can be said as a composition of a few such common properties (color, figure, smell etc) seen after doing comparison of objects. Let us call it ‘breaking of objects mentally’.

        So O=f (P1, P2, P3… Pn)        where P stands for property.

 

When an infant mind watches physical breaking of an object, it may get inspired to break it more in search of ‘fundamental particles’. Discovery of atom and quarks is a result of the same inspiration

        So O= f’ (p1, p2, p3…. pn)          where ‘p’ stands for particles.

 

This is all about properties and particles we have discovered by doing physical and mental efforts. Cannot some hypothetical properties and particles serve the same purpose? Isn’t it just a matter of changing ‘f’ with the changed variables (P’s and p’s)? There is nothing unreasonable in it except that variables are discovered without efforts.

 

Here one can easily infer that any object or any event can be described in terms of other one or more objects/events. It is just like setting up a dictionary between object/event being described and objects/events being used to describe it.

 

This paper claiming to make the reader understand the universe absolutely can be considered as an object. This object is fundamentally made up of twenty-six letters (and a few more characters). The same object can be translated in any other language. Then it would be said described with number of characters that language has.

 

It is here to be noted that open-reductionism is not digestible to mind. What to talk about expressing an object in terms of hypothetical elements, description of one object in terms of other objects belonging to totally different stream, is not digestible to mind. For example, mind cannot set up a model, which can connect process of DNA replication and subatomic properties.

 

 

‘Wine is made up of only two things-water and milk.’ This statement is false according to our mind. ‘Truth’ and ‘false’ are reactions a particular object mind gives to events. It terms some events as ‘true’ and rest as ‘false’. We know what kind of events is true according to mind (events which occur in testimony of mind are true). So reductionism theories can be framed for all objects. But out of all possible theories some would be true and rest absurd (or false) according to mind. We can increase the number of valid theories by stretching the horizons of mind. Stretching horizons of mind does not mean that we should faithfully take false events as true. It simply means to realize that there is a portion of universe possible, which behaves just opposite to mind. And so, according to that portion events labeled as false by mind are true and vice versa.

 

4. CONCEPT OF CAUSALITY

Causality is the criterion our mind use to label events as true or false. The same criterion makes the boundary of isolated field of knowledge generated by mind. Let us go at the root level of this concept.

 

Again consider an infant mind observing its first event/object. (Existence of object is also an event). This observation brings a change in mind. Changed mind does change nearby objects [most nearby are other parts of body]. Soon it starts observing another event along with the previous one.

 

If we convert above description in the language of a knowledge full mind, it will sound as follows. The first observation of infant mind arise curiosity in it. Following that curiosity, mind orders parts of body to work out to calm it. The final result is the discovery of another event which is ‘the’ cause of previous event (it is actually ‘a’ cause as it is one of infinite causes. But this is the cause, which satisfies mind).

 

Comparing two descriptions, we can easily understand that causality is something associated with the mind (which is nothing special but a particular portion of universe). It is the way our mind behaves in a surrounding. Analogous to it can be considered a metal piece kept in a relatively hot surrounding. Its characteristic is, to get hot (action of surrounding on it, analogous to mind get curious) and then to emit radiations (its reaction to surrounding, analogous to working for discovery).

 

The debate again can be about assigning any event as the ‘cause event’ of any ‘effect event’. The conclusion again is that it needs stretching of horizons of mind. Only those events would be truly the cause event (or digestible to our mind), which have been discovered following physical and mental efforts done in testimony of mind.

 

Our most of the observations are supported causally by radiations (particularly light). In fact, we can explain all events in terms of radiations. For example take irreversible processes.

 

Consider a block moving on a rough table. It eventually stops and the system warms up. The kinetic energy of block gets converted into internal energy of the block and the table. Is the process exactly reversed to it possible? If we heat the block and table system, can the system cool down and block starts moving on the table with the same velocity? The answer is yes. The theory what we name as the radiation theory tells the way it can happen.

 

A causal description of above said events according to radiation theory will sound as follows. A particular pattern of invisible radiations is falling on the block ‘because’ of which it is moving. This pattern slowly gets changed due to its interference with the radiation pattern being emitted out from table. Eventually the pattern falling on the block becomes such that ‘because’ of it the block stops. The pattern of radiation being emitted out from the system also changes. System heats up now so that the pattern being emitted out contains some ‘hotter radiations’. It is here to be noted that radiations are not hot. Actually the meaning of pattern for us is ‘hot’. By doing observations, we can discover a whole new language-the language of radiations. Then it would be just a matter of checking out dictionary to know what pattern of radiations means what?

 

Now take the process just reverse to it. Block is kept at rest on table. We wish to move it by heating the block plus table system. Law of conservation of energy supports our wish. But this wish cannot be fulfilled. Because by heating the system we are applying a radiation pattern with the meaning that block is stopped on the table. To move it we should apply a pattern with the meaning that block is started moving.

 

Every radiation pattern affects the object it is falling on in a unique way i.e. every input (of radiations) has its own unique output. This is a fact of facts. Facts themselves are of no use to us. Every new phenomenon we observe, we get a new and unique fact. The use of previously got facts can be done only after looking out a generalization in them and applying it to newly observed phenomena.

 

Here we must bear in mind that law is something extracted out of a few facts. So it can predict something about the new facts. It cannot completely predict a fact. [We are using the word 'fact' in place of ‘event' just to put our point clearly. actually 'prediction' is something associated with a going to occur-event and not with a fact].

In order to predict an event completely, we are required to be flexible with inventing new laws. We reach close to predicting an event completely only when the bunch of laws we have in hands, as a whole become the description of event to be predicted.

 In the example we have considered, the ultimate law governing the reverse process is as follows. A particular kind of radiation pattern with the meaning that the block will start moving when falls on the block it starts moving [the pattern is also told exactly in this law].

 

That particular pattern referred in this ‘law’ can only is known after the occurrence of the event. Then this law would be a fact and hence of no other use but to compare it with a few more facts and derive an imperfect law. For example we can find a pattern ‘p’ with in this pattern ‘P’. A law may sound like follows. When a pattern ‘p’ is found in radiation patterns (P, P’, P’’ etc.) falling on an object, the object may start moving. But the condition with this law, as with any other law is that it may not exactly predict an event.

 

Coming back to the point, the block can be started moving by applying a radiation pattern that means so. When we push the block by physical means, we are doing nothing but applying invisible radiation pattern with the meaning ‘to start’. It would be a miraculous discovery if we devise something, which can generate radiations in the required pattern4. Then we might see events occurring without a physical cause. For example, then we could calm our hunger just by bombarding our stomach with the required pattern. But universe then would not become without a cause. Rather, radiation theory will provide the cause.

 

We can make following conclusion about causality. Causality is the characteristic of mind. Hence, it determines the way a mind reacts to the surrounding. The outside world a mind observes keeps on changing (usually stretching) with the discovery of new things.  Causality paves the way to all these discoveries. For example, an explanation of a few phenomena of current outside world (observable to human mind as a whole) needs some new concepts like ‘dark matter’ and ‘dark energy’. This is the causality which drove mind to believe in these kinds of ‘unobservable things’ (these things are no longer unobservable to us we are ‘imagining’ about these. Imagination is also an observation as per our broader definition). The same drive will soon lead us to observing these things ‘actually’.

The importance of the concept of causality lies in the fact that cause events are something within reach of our actions. We cannot directly carry out ‘effect events’. So we do action to make a ‘cause-event’ occur and we get the ‘effect-event’ occurred in turn.

 

4. A FREE DEVELOPMENT OF MIND

How a mind reacts to the surrounding depends upon its present state. Different is the mind; different is the reaction of it to the surrounding. In the process of changing surrounding, mind also changes. We can say that mind has changed not (only) surrounding but (also) itself. It has changed itself being driven by itself. So state of mind at any time is totally determined by its previous states.

 

Series of state of mind at different times can be imagined as a thread. If we have one point of this thread in hand, the whole thread is in our hand as every single point of this thread has complete information about the whole thread. In other words, every state of mind contains information about its previous and next states. This statement is equally true for any portion of universe.

 

Now the critical question is how to decode the information contained in a point. Function representing change in mind, as a whole could be so complex to deal with. We can take mind as a composition of various properties. The change in those properties shall be according to a simpler function. By observing the variations in these simpler functions individually, we can develop an idea about variation in the complex function.

 

For instance, assume that a mind is conservative in nature. The event of change in it will remain biased by its conservativeness. So on the basis of this property; we can know an event horizon. Similarly other event horizons can be known corresponding to other properties. The actual path of occurrence of event can be inferred by keeping in mind these event horizons. It is quite obvious that the actual path of occurrence may go outside some or all event horizons. Figure 2 shows this fact using two horizons. At point where this breach of horizons happens, new and more specified laws need to be introduced.

 

The importance of understanding development graph lies in the fact that one of the infinite states of mind is going to bestow us with complete understanding of the universe. We do not know exactly where that state of mind lies. We should be open enough to break the horizons because it is not necessary that that state of mind will fall with in some horizons. Breach of one horizon means creation of another broader horizon. Development of human mind has seen innumerable breach of horizons. So much is the number of opinions existing that presently we have horizons extending in numerous directions (here directions does not mean directions of space. Rather, various directions have various definitions). This is the case when we talk about human mind as a whole. However individual minds are influenced with their individual opinions and hence they proceed with in their corresponding rather confined areas. This research has been done not to create new horizons but to make a way which satisfies all the horizons, those have been created and those yet to be created.

 

 

 

5. LIGHT: MAJOR CONTENT OF OUR UNIVERSE

For an infant mind, its universe is nothing but clusters of matter located in space. Causality- the inherent characteristic of mind; grows its understanding. With growing understanding, it gets enabled so as to observe new things. Light is one of the most significant thing human mind has discovered in its journey of development. If existence of ‘our’ universe is considered as an event then light is the most significant cause of this event.

 

The universe we observe looks very complex. Human beings have been involved in efforts to find out something fundamental in terms of which everything can be explained. We have seen formerly that the universe cam be explained even in terms of a single thing. Let us denote that single thing as Xo. Xo should have properties something like follows.

 

Description of events in term of something hypothetical is of no physical importance. So Xo should have an actual existence. It should be existent in such a way that it can be seen attached with every event. It simply means that Xo should be present everywhere in our universe, When Xo is observed with different events, different should be the observations. These observations would be used to describe corresponding events. In these descriptions, standard would be the observations when Xo is not seen without an event. Those mean, fundamental characteristics of Xo would be used as standard.

 

At least for the universe visible to us, light has above properties. And as we have seen, if we can set up a radiation language, then radiations can be that single thing for the whole universe observable to us.

 

Whether light gets reflected, absorbed or both after falling on an object depends upon the nature of object. So light coming after interacting with an object (or light emitting from an object) carries information about nature of object. Our eyes catch the same information and pass it to our mind where it is decoded. The most important and beautiful thing about light is that it interacts with every portion of universe in a unique way. Thus, there is no event possible in our universe which light cannot carry information of.

 

We must bear in mind that light is something, which we use as information of outside world. Actually, we are naturally intended to do that. We naturally have a scale set up in mind that gives us the measurement of outside world. This scale actually ‘measures’ light coming from outside world.

 

Beside this natural ability, we can study light to come up with principles. Insertion of these principles in mind is nothing but increment of capability of mind to decode light signals. Devices made on the basis of these principles work as helping tools for mind. They help us to know the outside world in deep by doing nothing but reading light signals deeply.

 

Study of light creates a very interesting situation. That is, we start comparing it (light) with something we are known about because of it (light) only. We observe phenomena like ‘particles’ and ‘waves’ with the help of light.  Interesting part comes when we start analyzing whether light (something which tells us what ‘particles’ and ‘waves’ are) has particle like or wave-like character.

 

Actually light is a signal that carries information about particles as well as waves. Consider interaction of a thing X whose character (particle-like or wave-like) is not known, with a particle P. we know a principle from our previous observations that if a particle interact with particle, a phenomena Pp is observed. Otherwise a phenomenon Pw is observed. Assume for a moment that Pp is observed. It means something (let us say X) with particle like character has interacted with P. We get to see via light coming from X that X has interacted with P. 

 

Now take the case when X is interacting with P from a distance. It is doing so via light. For us, the same light becomes the signal telling that X is not visible to us. We are only able to see light falling on P and on our eyes. [It simply means that light coming from X does not have information about looks and location of X] Would this case make us conclude that actually light is interacting with P. This interaction leads to phenomenon Pp, so light is particle-like in nature? This conclusion is simply wrong. Actually, light is neither interacting with P nor it is particle like. It contains information about a particle-like thing, which is not visible. At least in the universe observable to us presently, we should conclude like this. We must make a conclusion keeping in mind that light is an information for us about our universe. These statements can be clearly understood by comparing these with following statement we have already made. ‘The radiations are not hot; actually the object emitting these radiations is hot. Radiations just carry the information about it.’

 

So study of light in a way we do study objects is a confusing task. It is possible only after we discover something that can be used as signal carrying information about light. This discovery seems to be a difficult job as then universe would be totally different. In that universe, we would be observing only light via that something new, carrying information about light.

 

6. OTHER UNIVERSES

Light travels with a speed ‘c’ in vacuum. So in the universe explainable by light, no object can exceed this speed. If an object travels with a speed more than ‘c’, then its information cannot be contained in light. To observe that object we need something having speed greater than ‘c’ as an information carrier. Let us denote that something by ‘C’. If information carrier is new, then the bunch of principles whether naturally set up in mind or inserted ‘artificially’, used to decode that information should also be new. These two sets of principles (of usual universe and universe of C’s respectively) should be kept in mind separately. Mind should be capable of using any of these two when need arises, without confusion. As necessary for anything in terms of which universe is explained, ‘C’ should be present everywhere in its universe. That would allow as to do away light and do catch ‘C’ whenever we need to observe an object with speed greater than that of light. Observation of the object with speed greater than ‘c’ would then be as easy as to switch on to principles corresponding to ‘C’ and decode information carried by C’s with the help of those principles.

 

But it is not as easy as it sounds. The two sets of principles may be totally in contradiction with each other. For instance, according to one set of principles a bird flies away because of throwing stone towards that. While the other set of principles may say that stone is thrown because bird has fly away.

 

It does not mean that in the world of C’s, effect precedes cause. Actually the event, which is a cause event in usual world, becomes the effect event in C’s world. All the observations of C’s world when seen with principles of usual world are absurd. For example, a person dies before she is born and so on. These observations are absurd as long as new principles are not knowable to mind. When the usual mind is kept in the unusual world of C’s, it automatically develops a sense to admit new observations.

 

Presently, human mind is moving towards discovering things with velocities greater than ‘c’ with a satisfactory pace. Lot of confusions our science has gained, are just a result of that quest.

 

For instance, consider a very important approach of modern science. We know that light travels with a finite speed. Light carrying information about an event takes a finite time to reach to us. It means the event ‘actually’ occur a finite time before we actually observe it.

 

There is one more thing we should pay worry about. Light loads itself with the information about an object after striking the object. In this process the object may get disturbed. This disturbance is significant in case of micro-objects like electrons.

 

So what we observe through light is a disturbed object. Observation would have different had there been no light. We can know the effect of light by studying its properties and then this effect can be subtracted to get a ‘pure’ observation. This approach should not be said as ‘observation without light’. It is actually decoding light signals in deep by using extra principles derived from study of light.

 

Firstly it sounds silly that we want to do away light (something with the help of which we can observe) from our observations. But these kinds of efforts are dragging humanity towards discovery of particles moving with infinite speeds. That discovery would bestow us with the capability to observe an event at the time it actually occurs at its place.

 

Now our presentation is at the stage where we start getting sight of broader universe. Human beings are still unable to imagine the horizon of universe explainable with the help of light. Now we know that there may be infinite number of universes depending upon the major content of them. Major content in our universe is light. In other infinitely many universes, major contents are things different from light. Those universes are visible to ‘mind’ in its different stages of development.

 

We can imagine the development of ‘mind’ with time as an infinitely long thread. Mind that observes universe filled with light is nothing but a length of a few centimeters on this thread.

 

It is worth noticing here that when we imagine development of ‘mind’ as infinitely long string, then ‘mind’ is most broadly defined. Actually nothing can be said about this ‘mind’

Except that it can have all possible observations of all possible universes. Different states of this single thing named ‘mind’, observes different outside universes. So it is its observations, which should be used to describe it.

 

Though, we have got a large image of universe with the help of concept of replacing major content of universe. Still a larger image of universe might be out of reach of our mind. Our confined mentality might be still imagining change of major content as a change in ‘matter’. If we try to come out of materialistic boundaries, then a broader universe becomes visible to us.

In language of mind, we say that ‘matter’ of other universes (other than the universe filled with light) may not be like usual matter we are known of. Leave the idea to describe matter of other universes, as we cannot do that. What we can do with our mind is to admit that there is an infinitely extending range of variety of matter. Out of this infinitely long series of various kind of ‘matter’, a very little part is observable to us in the form of usual matter. Rest part of this series (which is almost the whole series) is ‘zero’ or ‘nothing’ for us. If we call the existence of the complete universe (Godly universe) as an event and occurrence of this event as play, then our existence is very insignificant part of the play. The usual matter and our universe come into play right at big bang. This is not the start of the play. Rather play was continued before this small part and will continue after this small part.

 

Getting more enlarged mentality, the play may not proceed in so simple way. If this whole series is scaled from minus infinity to plus infinity, then we may imagine this play as proceeding uniformly over this scale out of which a small range (let us say -10 to +10) is of usual matter. This may be more complex. For example, may be there is even a series of these small parts (a small part means an era between a big bang and big crunch). That is, universe oscillates between eras of expansion and contraction. The play is continued before this series of eras and will continue even after it.

 

We (can) think and observe only a part of the play in which usual matter exists. Our observations about it have enabled us to formulate laws about it. As from now, we start thinking about the play before and after this small part, we may start having useful observations of rest play. If nothing more is achieved, we can increase the size of part of play we know laws about. If we find laws applicable even a little before of big bang and after big crunch, then we may feel more eased as far as puzzles associated with ‘origin of our universe’ is concerned.

 

 7. FREE OBSERVER

We describe the usual mind as something of shape like a walnut. But who knows (observes) that mind has walnut like shape? This ‘who’ not only observes what walnut like mind observes, but also observes an object (mind) of shape something like a walnut. This mean, if walnut like mind observes universe ‘U’ then the universe observable to that ‘who’ is broader than ‘U’. And it is ‘U’ plus walnut like mind. The universe, which includes walnut like mind, is not being observed by walnut like mind. It is being observed by something undiscovered. This undiscovered is not described by its looks (as that too require an observer which would obviously not described in terms of its looks). It is described in terms of what it is observing.

 

This undiscovered does not remain so for long. Being driven by causality, the already discovered mind works and soon it discovers the undiscovered. This is another sort of matter that this undiscovered is found to be nothing but a newer function of already discovered mind (of shape walnut like). After getting discovered, this new thing becomes the part of universe. Then the new universe (universe including recently discovered thing) would be observable to another undiscovered thing. And this process of discovering undiscovered things continues.

 

Let us call this undiscovered thing which observes its corresponding outside universe as ‘free observer’. This free observer sees its outside universe as one body. So it is the master point for its universe. We can feel this ‘free observer’ by forgetting ourselves. When the ‘free observer’ is active, it sees body as an ordinary part of universe and not a special thing. Then we observe communication between every portion of universe as excellent as walnut like mind observes among different parts of living beings’ body.

 

It is here to be noted that walnut like mind was also a free observer in its undiscovered state. The very infant walnut like mind (lacking in any advanced function) observes only its body. So it is ‘master point’ or ‘free observer’ of its universe (which is nothing but the body).

 

To clear the concept of ‘free observer’ take example of newly born baby. She does not have any sense of her body. So her body is in undiscovered stage. Whatever the body observes is a universe whose free observer is the whole body (and not her mind) just like a mind feels itself master of its universe, the body is master of its own universe. It does not observe its universe as a group of things. Rather, the whole universe observable to it is a single thing for it, which is sending information to it and receiving information from it. As the baby starts getting sense, the free-observer replaces it with next5 free-observers. The walnut like mind of the baby is one of next free-observers.

 

  8. WHAT EXISTS ACTUALLY?

Consider the time when different islands on earth were not connected with each other. Navigators were moving in random directions and discoveries were being made incidentally. Suppose that a navigator starts journey from a place ‘A’ and reaches to ‘B’. He notes down the path he moves on. The discovery of ‘B’ gives him a fact. It sounds like follows. If a person situated at ‘A’ does a particular kind of activities (which is nothing but moving on the path discovered), she could be able to observe ‘B’.

 

Then a number of such facts can be known telling what people at different places should do to be able to observe ‘B’. Talking in common language, these facts tell what path persons situated at different places should follow to reach to ‘B’.

 

These facts could be easily remembered by compiling these in the form of a model. Our minds are naturally intended to make this model. We assign co-ordinates to ‘A’ and ‘B’ by setting up a co-ordinate a system. Scales are introduced into this system based on the facts. So fact file is converted into a geometric model that can tell what path a person located at a particular point should follow to reach to ‘B’.

 

So a geometrical model, naturally made by mind, makes us to imagine that different points exist at their definite positions. For instance, according to the current model we are having, objects like moon have their definite position. We are naturally intended to believe that moon exists ‘actually’. We can observe it anytime by doing activities according to the corresponding fact (i.e.

Just watch the sky at night and see the moon).

 

Conclusion is that what we call as ‘reality’ is nothing but a geometrical model of many closely related facts. This conclusion is more knowable in the light of concept of particles moving with infinite speeds. In that case, distance and space would have no meaning. A point can denote whole universe then.

 

This kind of model enables us to observe broader universe at a time. We do not watch moon every time. By this model, we know what we shall have to do to watch the moon.

 

Beside these facts, which can be relived, there are many facts, which could not be relived. These facts are said to be about things ‘located’ in past. An event, which cannot be reoccurred, is said to be a past event.

 

Apart from the events we relive, we make new observations too. Events that are yet to occur are termed as future-events. Co-ordinates of a geometrical model that covers only events occurred (those have given us facts) and reoccur able are called co-ordinates of space. On the other hand, a model which covers only events occurred but not reoccur able and events yet to occur are called having time co-ordinates. Co-ordinates of model covering all above said events are called time-space co-ordinates.

 

Our mind faces a logical obstruction in admitting that observations not reoccur able and yet to occur are also a part of reality. This obstruction can be slightly removed by inventing methods to predict6, 7 yet to occur-events. Then mind may develop a sense that future events have a definite location in time-space co-ordinate system. Another way to challenge this obstruction is to broaden the definition of term ‘observation’. Merely what eyes see is not said as observation, as we have marked earlier. Imagination of mind is also a kind of observation. An imagined event does also have an existence. It does also have a definite location in let us say a five dimensional co-ordinate system. Fifth dimension is introduced to justify that a false imagination has no co-ordinates in four dimensions of space-time.

 

9. FINAL PICTURE 

Now we are at a stage of our presentation where we can make a final picture of complete universe.

There are infinitely many universes. Hence, there are infinitely many free-observers corresponding to those universes. On the basis of events joining5 those different universes, we can put all free observers in a series telling which free observer is next to which. If we imagine this series geometrically, then it is not like an infinitely extending thread. Rather it is just a point that can be said infinitely extending and infinitely contracting at the same time. Following is how this is so.

 

Consider any two universes U1 and U2, one next to other. They can be represented joined by a thread. But there also exists a universe U such that U=U1+U2. Let us say it is next to U2. How would it be represented? An area covering U1 and U2 both represents it. And joining U with its next universe U’ would obviously require considering U not as an area but as a point.

 

So there is also a universe, which ‘covers’ all the universes. Universe (or Godly Universe, UG) can be represented as

UG=([{(U1+U2+...)+(U1'+U2'+...)+...}+{U}+...]+[U0]+…)             where U1,U2,UI’,U2’ etc are various universes

 

Important about UG is that there is no universe next to it and those previous to it are included in it. It is like a ‘dead point’ as there is no change possible in it (actually it is defined1 to contain all changes). At the same time it is ultimately alive point as it covers all the changes.

 

A fact about the series of universes may be that the arrow representing progress of series may go towards an inside universe from a universe containing that inside universe. But in the case of ultimate universe UG this fact proves false. Actually this fact is also ‘included’ (and not ‘governing’) in the universe.

 

Definition and description of this universe are too broad to give words to. We can imagine it as a universe, which is made up of all possible dimensions (infinite in number) and all possible things. Any statement given about it could sound philosophical. For example, it is ‘everything’ and ‘nothing’ simultaneously. ‘Everything’ and ‘nothing’ are also relative terms, which are too insufficient to be used for describing the absolute universe.

 

The free observer corresponding to the absolute universe (which can be simply called as God) observes the whole series of universes. It can assign timing to the series. The clock set up by it would be the absolute one. Currently we observe phenomena starting from big bang to big crunch and have a clock defined for this period. This clock is a fragment of the absolute clock. By studying the two clocks collectively, we can increase ability of our observation. Hence a few more fragments of the absolute clock could be discovered increasing the horizons of universe we are masters of.

 

 

10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 

Finally I would like to acknowledge support of my father Mr. Mohan Lal Jangra. He supported me in all ups and downs of the path, which led me to do this unique task successfully.

 

11. FOOTNOTES

 

Change is completely a matter of consideration. For example, when we say a ball is changing, thing under consideration is ball. If we consider the ‘changing ball’ as a thing then it is unchanged. We are using the term ‘portions of universe’ as a generalized term for ‘objects’. To get absolute perception, we need to consider portions of universe, which do not behave like objects as well. All objects are portions of universe but all portions of the universe are not objects. In this presentation we shall frequently use these two for each other. Body of living beings is a system of objects in which so excellent system exists that a sense of great unity exists among different parts of system. A few therapies like color therapy work with the same idea in root i.e. applying respective radiation pattern in order to carry out a required event. For instance, a principle of color therapy is that yellow color emits radiations, which can make a mind happy. So using this principle, we can turn a sad mind into happy just by surrounding it with yellow color. Suppose a free observer F1 has its observation domain D1. Another free observer F2 has observation domain D2. An event within D1 is such that it joins D1 to D2. This event is called cause of change of D1 into D2 and F2 is called free observer next to F1. In case of development of human mind, the event connecting two ‘consecutive’ free-observers is discovery of undiscovered by recently discovered thing. An event is predicted if its cause is predicted. Doing away the satisfaction of mind, infinitely many causes can be attributed to an event. If we can predict any of these causes then the event can be predicted. Idea of studying events occurring on earth and the events occurring in the solar system (movements of planets) together is not new. Principles of astrology are results of the same study. Movement of planets is an event which we can easily predict with the help of mathematics. As this event can be considered as a cause of earthly events, earthly events can be easily predicted. The science dealing with the predictions of events can be developed to the extent we wish. Imagine that a co-ordinate system is set up in the solar system. According to the fundamental idea of the science of predictions, solar co-ordinates (co-ordinates of imagined system) determine the way space co-ordinates of an earthly particle changes. If solar co-ordinates are collectively described as f (s1, s2,…s9) and co-ordinates of earthly particle as f’ (x, y,z), then

                            f (s1,s2,…s9)=k. f(x,y,z)                    …….(i)

 Initially, set of solar co-ordinates at a particular time (clocks being as set up in the solar co-ordinate system) and set of space co-ordinates of the earthy particle at a time (measured by clocks set up in the co-ordinate system located on earth) are assumed to be the cause and effect respectively. In this way the time of solar co-ordinate system and that of co-ordinate system of earth is synchronized. Then observations are made and mathematics is worked out {i.e. known quantities (s1,s2,…s9) are used to find unknowns (x,y,z)}.

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When shopping for a ring, you will come across many such ways that the modern jewelers employ for making the gems even more attractive. Design and style of the jewelry depends a lot on the way of studding the precious stone.

There are several settings available with a jeweler when you ask him to fix the gems to make spectacular <a rel=”nofollow” onclick=”javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview(‘/outgoing/article_exit_link’);” href=”http://www.whitefleur.co.uk”> diamond engagement rings </a>. Prong, bezel, channel and pave settings are commonly used and are popular with the couples. While picking up a particular way of molding the gem, ensure its two crucial aspects.

First you should make sure that the rings suits to the lifestyle of your bride-to-be. The ring is meant for her and she should like it. So, find out her choice and design the ring according to her choice. Secondly, the precious stone should be set in such way that it is secured and does not fall of a working woman’s fingers. She may expose the ring to the daily chords.

Prong-set diamond engagement rings are those that employ four to six prongs of metal to secure the diamond in a metal basket. These prongs are inwardly slide on the gem to give it more protection. This is very attractive setting and is very popular too. This is because the prongs give a higher stage to the gem and it gets lifted up from the ring surface. Prongs leave a wider space on and around the gem for more reflection of light and it results in more brilliance and fire.

Bezel-set engagement rings are the ones that tightly wrap a metal collar around the sides of the diamond. This gives even more protection to the stone. But ensure that the metal does not cover much space for blocking the light on the stone.

For more dazzling impact, pave-set diamond engagement rings are preferred over any other settings. Whole of the ring surface is paved with the smaller diamonds. Smaller holes are made on the metal and many diamonds are studded into it to give the impression of a carpet made of the gems.

Channel setting is also equally popular. Channel-setting is similar to pave setting in its impression but only a smaller portion of the metal surface is used for creating a channel and placing smaller diamonds in it.

There are several other settings that you can compare in a jeweler’s shop. But make sure that the jeweler uses all his skills in molding the gems in a proper and secure way. Compare the costs of <a rel=”nofollow” onclick=”javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview(‘/outgoing/article_exit_link’);” href=”http://www.whitefleur.co.uk”> diamond engagement ring </a> on internet and in physical stores to know about the right budget for a particular ring of your choice.

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3. On Goal Setting: Paving the Path for Tomorrow, Today

            How many of us do things a certain way just because this is how it’s always been done?  We don’t question the relevance of these customs which enslaves us to life patterns and attitudes that may not reflect our individual truth. Deeply conditioned, it’s difficult to register the level of self-betrayal that results from making choices within the narrow box of rote societal/familial grooves. How sad that the price of admission to the tribe is the loss of our uniqueness.

            Why assume that we’re all cut from the same mold and therefore should be made indistinguishable by the tribe’s generic expectations?  Unification doesn’t mean homogenization. Our shared human essence, ultimately one body/mind/soul, differentiates into diverse pathways designed to enhance our unique soul’s journey.

            Astrologers indicate that in 2008 Pluto, the planet of transformation enters the sign of Capricorn. This passage energizes humanity’s withdrawal from all arenas of societal obsolescence. Through the process of death and rebirth, Pluto annihilates everything that blocks evolution and then regenerates a completely new order.  Capricorn rules societal structures, authorities, worldly power and the cornerstones of society mandated to be upheld by its citizens.  Pluto’s 16 year journey through Capricorn will demolish all outdated systems—medical, educational, legal, economic, political, familial—in order to birth new customs, mores, laws.  This will pave the way for the emerging spiritual renaissance which necessitates advanced societal/familial structures. The tribe will be scrutinized, regardless of dominion, for its ability to serve this emerging consciousness.  As we sense this new energy flooding our world, changing us in ways that make it impossible to be responsible to the tribe’s traditional orientation, we’ll have to find the courage to break free.  

            Yes, we’re excited about the prospect of the New Age. But, how far do we take this revolution in consciousness, as an all-encompassing metamorphosis tears us away from the roots of our tribe and demands that we stand, seemingly alone, in our truth?  Are you ready to turn your back on the societal/familial framework that validates your life?  In what areas do you dare to stand in your authentic self when it differs from the commonplace?   Do you assume that your community will not understand—reject and judge—when you embody a new consciousness that ejects you from the tribal mind into a unique realm of perception? 

            Beware! It’s dangerous to leave the tribe! In early evolution our survival was only possible within a tribal context. Traditional lineages, threatened by independent thought, discourage genius and its innate inclination toward unregimented attitudes, imagination and creativity. Our natural loyalty to the blood family, community or greater society that has brought us life, context, support, nourishment, safety and connection binds us to honor those who have paved the way and reduced our learning curve through their accomplishments and authority.  We bow to them in gratitude and naturally comply with their dictates. 

            NOW our survival depends on breaking from the tribe to discover who we are and what gift we came to offer at this profound evolutionary juncture.  Ejected from tribal security, we face the crisis of great CHANGE and cannot fall back into an embrace with tradition.  Society is destined to reorganize itself to become the rightful container of spiritual values and expanded consciousness. Internal authority and intuition constitute the new compass for societal directives. Then we can return to a tribe that gratefully accepts our innovative spirit, expanded perspective and originality that ushers in the new and miraculous.

            As much anyone, I want to be included, loved, accepted.  To fit in, I’ve trimmed the edges of my uniqueness to homogenize down. The need to heal karmic wounds of isolation and exile reinforces my willingness to respond to the appropriate cues that society has implanted, like a microchip, into my psyche. These compromises have offered me a life of sweet context leaving me reluctant to rock the boat of community safety that has supported my existence for 58 years. 

            However, the call of the relentless wild energy of awakening forces me to examine how I lose myself in the tribe—alienated from self in order to be a part of others as I stray from the austere path of individualization. To ignore today’s evolutionary pressure would betray my greater tribe—the family of Divine Beings who illuminate the path, soothe my soul, faithfully support my karmic contract and to whom I’ve pledged undying love and devotion. So I transfer loyalties to my Cosmic Kin, as must we all, in order to live in a fresh way that helps society release its stagnant archaic drag.  I muster the courage to scrutinize any co-dependence on my familiar community and dare to question every last bit of capitulation that would block my new consciousness and the right to live life true to self.

            The New Age is based on groups of distinct individuals who aren’t afraid to speak and live their truth. Our lives are vehicles of discovery and experimentation. We are our own awakeners and gurus and must liberate ourselves from the magnetics of societal/ familial dictates.   Established consensus reality will fade like a distant dream as the infusion of new thought and wisdom floods the collective consciousness with Light and describes the new paradigm of fellowship.

            The Tibetan applauds this revolution and teaches:

            All groups, based on values carried by divisions of humanity identified through certain customs/mores, are evolving into full union with each other. Dominant tribal thought patterns that mold the lives of its community are ending. The disintegration of traditional structures will give way to a new tribe—the global society of all human beings unified in their spiritual essence. 

            The glue that holds the tribe together looses energy as each individual withdraws attachment to the clan and unleashes his/her unique creative imperative. The impact of the tribe atrophies from lack of adherence by its members. Everyone is mandated to release archaic dictates irrelevant to the emerging consciousness. Each individual must examine their areas of greatest attachment to the tribe—usually arenas where self lacks confidence, as if the tribe knows better than one’s soul. Attempts to take refuge in the comfort zone of the tribal container will only frustrate the soul’s efforts to evolve beyond the constraints of obsolete structures.                          

  Now is the time to implement the revolution that withdraws power from tribal illusions based on historic conclusions that made sense hundreds of years ago. All souls, prepared for this time of birth, are magnetized forward away from the past. To refuse the call of the soul, however unnerving its message, would betray self’s divine purpose—a mission designed to dismantle constructs based on duality, separation, fear, scarcity and victimhood. Any tribes that still base their way of life on this demoded matrix must be challenged. 

            Question the beliefs of the tribe and its predescribed formulas for living. Find the courage to live a life that reflects self’s unique soul response to this present moment. This is how the fabric of society begins to reorganize itself to house the expanding consciousness that ushers in the New Cosmic Day on planet earth.

            “A superior tribe, the Cosmic Family, awaits with open arms to receive each individual soul.  All beings in this Divine Clan are applauded for acts of power, genius, individuality, open-mindedness, improvisation, experimentation and CHANGE! Do not fear being left out in the cold when leaving the old tribe.  Ironically, its insular nature blocked the true warmth of connection that emanates within the Universal Family where everyone thrives and is accepted for exactly who they are—with no strings attached. 

            “The power of the tribe stems from the illusion that without its safety net, self would perish—isolated, lost, unsupported. But the greater safety net of unification inherent in all beings naturally reconfigures a new human dynasty that breaks through the illusion that loyalty to a group of people and/or a system of thinking is necessary to survive and be loved. True power doesn’t reside with the tribe but rather with the contribution of each individual, fully self-realized, to the innate oneness within the group. The new tribe—receptive, flexible, open—gathers a transformed family filled with special, magnificent individuals as the intergalactic family rejoices to receive its brothers and sisters, youth and elders, infants and ancient ones to gather around a Heart-filled Hearth where All dwell in deep communion and freedom.

copyright©2007 School of the Golden Discs, all rights reserved.

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It can take as little as 4.5 hours and be traffic and problem free, but just as easily you can be met with congestion and road repairs, extending the trip to six hours or more.  On the other hand you can elect to increase the length of your journey by taking in a few select sites and some interesting scenery, including a snow-capped volcano near Puebla and another peak near the Orizaba / Córdoba cut-off. 

The first leg of the trip is from Mexico City to Puebla.  The main problem you will likely face is leaving the nation’s capital, along a thoroughfare known as Zaragoza.  Unless you happen to be starting out very early, or late at night, there will be congestion, so much so that vendors of soft drinks and water, snacks, freezees, and an array of other foodstuffs, will be walking ever so slowly, meandering through the lines of stopped traffic, plying their products.  And therefore, arriving at Puebla can take anywhere from one to three hours, the latter applying particularly during extended rush hours and on the weekends.  The name of the game is patience, plain and simple.  And if you’re picking up a rental car at the airport, ask your attendant to draw a map, and regardless of its quality, at every opportunity ask other motorists and pedestrians how and when to turn onto Zaragoza.  Once on this “highway” your only difficulty will be getting off of it.  To give you an even clearer picture of the congestion on Zaragoza, in 2004, while driving a three ton cub van on the roadway, the police wanted to pull us over (for who knows what reason), the cruiser several vehicles back with siren blaring.  We elected to simply ignore the command and continue, hoping the traffic would never allow the police to catch up and they would eventually give up.  It worked.

Virtually the entire roadway from Mexico City to Oaxaca is well-marked and -paved toll road.  Signage is large and clearly lettered.  However, a few key pointers are in order.  You want to be where it says “cuota” and not “libre,” the former being the toll road and the latter the much slower, single lane highway.  “Autopista” is invariably the toll road.  En route to Puebla you’ll see signs directing you to the city, and then from Puebla, the signage will indicate Oaxaca. The highways are either two lanes each way, a lane and a half, or a single lane.  However, custom dictates that cars going slower move to the right and onto the paved shoulder when they see you coming, so regardless of the type of highway, most of the time you should be able to go at the speed to which you are accustomed.  There are, however exceptions as with any rule.  Sometimes, for example, large tractor trailers are too wide to move over enough to let you pass.  But when they see that the roadway ahead is clear, they’ll put on the left-hand signal, telling you it’s okay to pass on the left … assuming you trust them.  A solid center line tends to be suggestive only and you’ll quickly learn that with cars moving over to the right for you, you can pass notwithstanding the solid line … except when there’s a significant curve, peak or valley up ahead.  There are many gas stations along the entire route, most of which now have “The Italian Coffee Company” franchises alongside, with clean washrooms.   Credit cards are generally accepted for filling up, and now as well at the many toll booths … except when the system has broken down. 

Leaving Mexico City you’ll pass through a number of stretches of comedors along each side of the highway.  You’ll gradually ascend, through a number of easy curves, leaving the smog of the valley behind.  The scenery is nothing special, but the ease with which you’ll be able to negotiate the curves at a reasonable speed will more than make up for the non-descript landscapes.  The curves and valleys will become more dramatic, to the extent that there will be a red line on the pavement demarcating how vehicles with failing brakes should proceed, leading them off the pavement and onto a roadway ending at a soft a embankment of straw. 

You will see at least a couple of exits to downtown Puebla, marked as “Puebla Centro.”  Puebla makes for a great stopover for a day or two, if you’re in no great rush to get to Oaxaca.  It’s large and sprawling, but the downtown core is quaint, small and full of interesting shops, crafts, restaurants and clean, inexpensive hotels.  Within a couple of blocks of the zócalo are good hotels, an extensive pedestrian walkway with many shops, and Los Sapos, a few streets filled with crafts, antiques and collectibles.  Arrive on a weekend and there’s an open air marketplace.  On Sunday there’s an even larger series of temporary stalls selling crafts, plants, etc, two blocks down.  In the same area is the area known as Parián, and the Barrio de Artista, both not to be missed.  Of course there are nearby ruins and other sites, but for a brief stopover it’s the downtown that’s the “must see.”  For a splurge spend the night at Mesón Sacristía (written up in a coffee table book about the 1,000 best inns in The Americas) in Los Sapos.  For economy, stay at Palas or Palace, on 2 Oriente, a block from the zócalo and about four blocks from Los Sapos. 

The drive from Puebla to Oaxaca, without stopping other that for a couple of pit stops, takes about three and a half hours.  However, during 2007 and at least well into 2008 there are two or three road construction sites which will slow you down.  Again, be patient, turn off your engine, and see what the vendors have to offer.  And at the toll booths there will be even more offerings, from uniquely Poblano sweets known as camotes, to wholewheat tortillas, to puppies. Two lanes become one and a half, as you approach the turn-off to the right to continue on to Tehuacan and Oaxaca.  You’ll see the breathtaking snow-capped peak as you look ahead towards Orizába (but don’t take that road or you’ll end up in Veracruz).

Next there are two recommended stops, unless you also want to spend time at Tehuacan.  The first is at the onyx / marble village of San Antonio Texcala.  Take the second Tehuacan exit (after the Tehuacan toll booth), onto highway 125 leading to Huajuapan.  After 6 km you’ll arrive at the village, with five or more factory outlets where you can by almost anything into which these stones can be shaped — tequila sets, plates, sinks, lamps, tables, bowls, boxes, unicorns, fish, hash pipes, and of course a number of diverse ornaments with religious imagery.  Prices are about half of what you’ll pay elsewhere.

Next is the Museo de Agua, or water museum, actually a misnomer because it is so much more.  Take the well-marked next exit after your return to the autopista, for Sangabriel and Chilac.  There will also be signage for the museum. You’ll be given a tour (in Spanish) in the main building, and of the outside surrounding landscapes.  You’ll learn how progress is being made to teach villagers in desolate regions where water is scarce and soil fertility is lacking, to conserve and recycle water; to use compost, worm culture and other techniques to enrich the land; and to grow and market nutritious produce such as amaranth. 

In terms of the land and townscapes, near Tehuacan you’ll see long narrow white-topped buildings where poultry is produced and then trucked throughout the state of Puebla and further abroad.  There will be a couple of locations demarcated as stops for tourists to pull over and appreciate and photograph the deep valleys and high mountaintops.  Long well-marked expansion bridges serve to showcase the valleys and mountains.  You’ll pass over a geological fault.  There will be several kilometers of impressive “telephone pole” cactus.  Close to the approach to Oaxaca you’ll see vendors on each side of the highway selling brightly colored miniature wooden trucks. 

The last toll booth is called Huitzo.  About 15 – 20 minutes further you’ll approach Oaxaca.  A few minutes after entering the city, you’ll be given two opportunities to turn to the left (one of the signs is difficult to interpret), but unless you’ve been provided with specific instructions to get to your hotel or B & B, and know it’s in a northern suburb, best is to just keep driving straight, eventually entering onto a one-way street which will lead you to the core of the downtown area and the zócalo. 

Until 1995 when the toll road opened all the way from the capital to Oaxaca, for much of the route you were required to travel along secondary roads and highways, pretty well doubling the length of the drive.  Now you have the benefit of a much shorter and definitely a safe trip along quality well-marked pavement, with the added feature of the option of getting off the main highway and venturing into some villages to take in additional sites, scenery and local culture. The only cautionary note is to not drive outside of any major urban center, and in particular on the highways or even toll roads, at night, unless absolutely necessary.  Lighting tends to be lacking or insufficient, and laws regarding impaired driving are rarely enforced.

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